##common.pageHeaderLogo.altText##

Vol. 5 No. 06 (2018)

Relationship of Drinking Water to Dental Calculus in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh in Comparison to Eastern Province

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, Vol. 5 No. 06 (2018), 1 June 2018 , Page 6637-6645
https://doi.org/10.18535//ijetst/v5i6.03

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the influence of drinking water on the occurrence and severity of dental calculus in Saudi Arabia through comparing the amount of dental calculus on teeth surfaces and the type of drinking water in addition to other contributing factors between two provinces in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which were Riyadh and Eastern Province and to define the mineral elements in drinking water causing such effect.


Materials and Methods: 304 patients aged ≥18 years who live in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Riyadh and Eastern Province) were randomly selected and equally divided into two groups: Riyadh group and Eastern Province group. The study was carried out in the period April through June 2018. Each patient was clinically examined using Oral Calculus Index (OCI) (Greene and Vermillion 1964)1and Saliva pH Test (pH indicator papers full range). Also, each patient answered a questionnaire about: oral hygiene habits, the last visit for dental scaling, the type of drinking water, the amount of daily water consumption, and tobacco smoking. Laboratory analysis of drinking water samples for (Ca) and (PO4) mg/L ppm was performed. The data obtained were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test and Multinomial Logistic Regression.


Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between the type of drinking water and calculus p <0.05. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between provinces and calculus p <0.05. There was a significant difference between the two province sp <0.05inthe type of drinking water and saliva pH. However, there was an insignificant difference between the two provinces p >0.05in oral hygiene habits (brushing, flossing, mouthwash), the last visit for dental scaling, the amount of daily water consumption, and tobacco smoking. Eastern Province that depended more on water from trucks than Riyadh had higher alkaline saliva pH and higher calculus risk than Riyadh.


Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that drinking water influences the occurrence and severity of dental calculus. It’s important to comply with the international standards of (Ca), (PO4), and (mg) concentration mg/L ppm in drinking water. Periodic analysis is advised.


Keywords: Calculus, Type of Water, Trucks, Bottles, Tap Water, Ca, PO4.

How to Cite

Rahaf Safadi, Riham Al-Safadi , Reef Al-Safadi , Zahra Al-Saigh , Maram Al-Otaibi , Hassan Al-Farraj , Fatimah Al-Otaibi , Amal Al-Abdulwahab, Yasmeen Al-Bagshi. (2018). Relationship of Drinking Water to Dental Calculus in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh in Comparison to Eastern Province. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 5(06), 6637–6645. https://doi.org/10.18535//ijetst/v5i6.03

Download Citation

References

  • Greene JG, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964;68(1):7-13.
  • Łagocka R, Bochińska JS, Noceń I, Jakubowska K, Góra M, Radlińska JB. Influence of the mineral composition of drinking water taken from surface water intake in enhancing regeneration processes in mineralized human teeth tissue. Pol J Environ Stud. 2011;20(2):411-416.
  • Mills CA. Factors affecting the incidence of dental caries in population groups. J Dent Res.1937;16(5):417-430.
  • Jin Y, Yip HK. Supragingival calculus: formation and control. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(5):426-441.
  • Friskopp J, Isacsson G. A quantitative microradiographic study of mineral content of supragingival and subgingival dental calculus.Eur J Oral Sci.1984; 92(1):25-32.
  • Galgut PN. Supragingival calculus formation in a group of young adults. Quintessence Int. 1996;27(12):817-820.
  • Tanzer JM, Grant LP, McMahon T, Clinton D, Eanes ED. Simultaneous caries induction and calculus formation in rats. J Dent Res. 1993;72(5):858-864.
  • Ten Cate JM, Larsen MJ, Pearce EIF, Fejerskov O. Chemical interactions between the tooth and oral fluids. In: Fejerskov O, Kidd E, editors. Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard; 2008:209-231.
  • Bardow A, Lagerlöf F, Nauntofte B, TenovuoJ. The role of saliva. In: Fejerskov O, Kidd E, editors. Dental Caries: The disease and Its Clinical Management. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard; 2008:189-207.
  • Hammond BF. Intraoral causes of periodontal disease. In: Goldman HM, Cohen DW, editors. Introduction to Periodontics. 5th ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1977:121-168.
  • Wong L, Sissons CH, Pearce EI, Cutress TW. Calcium phosphate deposition in human dental plaque microcosm biofilms induced by aureolyticpH-rise procedure. Arch Oral Biol.2002;47(11):779-790.
  • Arabaci T, Demir T. An index developed for the determination of oral hygiene motivation success. Dent Hypotheses. 2013;4(1):9-12.
  • Calcium and water: reaction mechanisms, environmental impact and health effects. Lenntech. https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/calcium/calcium-and-water.htm.Accessed April 24, 2018.
  • Kidney stones.Mg12.info-Magnesium Online Resource Center. http://www.mg12.info/articles/kidney-stones.html.Accessed April 24, 2018.
  • Luoma H, Nuuja T. Caries reduction in rats by phosphate, magnesium and fluoride additions to diet with modifications of dental calculus and calcium of the kidneys and aorta. Caries Res. 1977;11(2):100-108.
  • Lagier R, Baud CA. Magnesium whitlockite, a calcium phosphate crystal of special interest in pathology. Pathol Res Pract. 2003;199(5):329-335.
  • Sardi B. Minimum magnesium standard for drinking and bottled water would save 150,000 lives annually. Mg Water-The Magnesium Web Site.http://www.mgwater.com/minimum.shtml. Published June 16, 1999. Accessed April 24, 2018.
  • Oram B.Phosphates in the environment. Water Research Center. https://www.water-research.net/index.php/phosphates.Accessed May 1, 2018.
  • Wojcik W. Phosphate cycle. Organic Earth Solutions. http://www.organicearthsolutionsllc.com/phosphate-cycle/.Published December 22, 2012. Accessed April 25, 2018.
  • Bergström J. Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus. J ClinPeriodontol. 1999;26(8):541-547.
  • Bergström J. Tobacco smoking and subgingival dental calculus. J ClinPeriodontol. 2005;32(1):81-88.
    • Article Viewed: 172 Total Download

    Downloads

    Download data is not yet available.

    ##plugins.themes.ojsPlusA.frontend.article.downloadstatastics##

    Make a Submission

    Make a Submission

    Current Issue

    Information

    Keywords