Transportation model is a special class of linear programming problem in which the objective is to transport or distribute a single commodity or goods from various sources/origins to different destination at a maximum total cost. There are three methods to solve initial basic feasible solution in transportation problem (IBFS) all these methods were consider and their results were comparing with each other’s. The research finding shows that Vogel’s Approximation method (operation method) is better than all other methods such as Least cost method (Business man’s method) and Northwest corner method (layman’s method).i.e. VAM< LCM< NWCM (N 3520<N 3670<N 3680).This study will enable companies to take advantage of this opportunity to improve on their supply chain. Based on the study findings as presented in (VAM), the study recommends that optimum solution can be attained through the following routes: IB, ID, OC, OD, OA, and EA.

Due to continuous use of present source (fossil fuel) mainly cause the pollution to the environment and also
negative effect on availability of the oil reservoirs necessitates developing renewable fuels to replace
petroleum-based fuels. Investigation of feasibility of biodiesel produced from microalgae. One of the main
challenges in algal oil is the poor quality that is efficiency of the biodiesel, which is mainly, depends upon
the fatty acid in algal-oil. Algal biodiesel having property for efficiency, which is produced from biomass of
microalgae to produce lipids, which is key factor for production of biodiesel in large amounts and within
short periods of time with zero net carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.
Indeed, Algal biodiesel can be considered as a potential source of renewable energy with no limitation like
hydro or nuclear power relies on their sources.

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the influence of drinking water on the occurrence and severity of dental calculus in Saudi Arabia through comparing the amount of dental calculus on teeth surfaces and the type of drinking water in addition to other contributing factors between two provinces in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which were Riyadh and Eastern Province and to define the mineral elements in drinking water causing such effect.

Materials and Methods: 304 patients aged ≥18 years who live in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Riyadh and Eastern Province) were randomly selected and equally divided into two groups: Riyadh group and Eastern Province group. The study was carried out in the period April through June 2018. Each patient was clinically examined using Oral Calculus Index (OCI) (Greene and Vermillion 1964)¹and Saliva pH Test (pH indicator papers full range). Also, each patient answered a questionnaire about: oral hygiene habits, the last visit for dental scaling, the type of drinking water, the amount of daily water consumption, and tobacco smoking. Laboratory analysis of drinking water samples for (Ca) and (PO₄) mg/L ppm was performed. The data obtained were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test and Multinomial Logistic Regression.

Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between the type of drinking water and calculus p <0.05. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between provinces and calculus p <0.05. There was a significant difference between the two province sp <0.05inthe type of drinking water and saliva pH. However, there was an insignificant difference between the two provinces p >0.05in oral hygiene habits (brushing, flossing, mouthwash), the last visit for dental scaling, the amount of daily water consumption, and tobacco smoking. Eastern Province that depended more on water from trucks than Riyadh had higher alkaline saliva pH and higher calculus risk than Riyadh.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that drinking water influences the occurrence and severity of dental calculus. It’s important to comply with the international standards of (Ca), (PO₄), and (mg) concentration mg/L ppm in drinking water. Periodic analysis is advised.

Keywords: Calculus, Type of Water, Trucks, Bottles, Tap Water, Ca, PO₄.