National AIDS Control Council and the Ministry of Education Science and Technology in Kenya developed
the 2004 Education Sector Policy on HIV and AIDS. The policy was intended to reduce HIV/AIDS infection
and stigmatisation of people living with HIV in the education sector. However, it is not known how
implementation of the policy has affected students’ knowledge and their attitude towards sexual behaviour
in secondary schools in Coast Region of Kenya. The research study investigated the students’ knowledge of
HIV/AIDS and their attitude towards sexual behaviour in secondary schools in coast region of Kenya. The
target population was 108693 respondents in 362 public secondary schools in the Coast Region of Kenya.
Purposive and random sampling methods were used to choose the participants. The samples comprised of
388 students of which 193 were Form 1 and 195 were Form 4 students in 13 secondary schools. The validity
of the questionnaires was checked experts at Chuka University. Test-retest method was used to compute
reliability coefficient from the data collected from the pilot study. Reliability coefficient for the instruments
was 0.8. The descriptive statistics used were frequencies and percentage. Chi-squire statistics was used to
test the hypotheses in the study. The hypotheses testing were done at α = 0.05 levels of significance and the
analyses was done using SPSS computer programme version 20.0. The findings showed that there was a
positive relationship between Form 1 and Form 4 students’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS in secondary schools in
Coast Region of Kenya. The study also revealed that there was negative relationship between Form 1 and
Form 4 students’ attitude towards sexual behaviour. It was recommended that secondary schools should
enhance the teaching of HIV/AIDS\education in order to reduce HIV infection AIDS among secondary
students in Coast region, Kenya.

The Artificial Neural Network is widely used for classification. In classification, training and learning of
the network in which weights and biases of the network neuron are computed to give expected output, is a
complex task. In this paper, we propose hybridization of back propagation and LevenbergMarquardt
training algorithms. The gradient derivative with respect to the weight of the network of the gradient
descent algorithm is used in augmenting Hessian matrix of Levenberg Marquardt training algorithm to
update the weight and bias of the network to converge to output. The hybrid algorithm is experimented on
two data sets. Experimental results show that it helps to achieve better network performance and extracts
fewer rules.

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of dental malpractice in the fields of prosthodontics, endodontics, and restorative dentistry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods: 251 patients ≥18 years of age selected randomly were examined clinically for substandard dental treatments done in dental premises in KSA in the following fields: Prosthodontics (substandard crown and bridge placement in relation to tooth preparation and crown adaptation, PFM crown and bridge placement on feather edge finishing line, substandard post and core), endodontics (substandard root canal (RCT) treatment), and restorative dentistry (overhanging restorations: class II, III, IV, V). The data obtained were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test.

Results: There was a significant difference in the percentages (number) of dental malpractice observations in all of the three types (prosthodontics, endodontics, restorative dentistry) p-value =0.001<0.05, and the dental malpractice observations were not equally distributed. Therefore, endodontics malpractice was of the first rank up to 40% followed by restorative dentistry malpractice of the second rank up to 33% then prosthodontics malpractice of the third rank up to 27%.

Conclusion: Dentists must consider ethical principles and acceptable standards and protocols of diagnosis and treatment. There is high need for improving the technical skills of practitioners in root canal treatments. Also, stressing on the importance of using wedges to avoid overhanging dental restorations. Social and economic factors in the Saudi society might play a role in the lower percentages of prosthodontics malpractice in KSA.

Keywords: Malpractice, Prosthodontics, Endodontics, Restorative Dentistry.

The study of political culture is a complex study,
which is included by knowledge, belief, art,
morals, law, custom and other capabilities which
are acquired by individual as a member of society.
When a political system differs it from other
political systems that time we call it political
culture. But that does not mean that political
culture is entirely a creation of deliberate. Indeed
much of political culture may not always be
consciously held. It may grow very implicitly
under the influence of many factors which are not
lying within the jurisdiction of the political
authority. The opinion is that political culture
stands clearly differentiated from ideology. That
means ideology is a large extent, pre-meditated
and usually proclaimed overtly by political
authority. It is also a matter of deliberate creation.
It is thoroughly explicit and consistent. Mainly
said it is more easy describe than political culture.
When political culture flowing from multiple
sources and subtly underlying the individual or
group relationship with the political system

Lombok Island is one of the regions in Indonesia which has relatively intermediate to high seismicity
level. Therefore, researches on earthquake evaluation are needed in Lombok. The study aims to
determine and map seismotectonic parameter and reoccurrence period of earthquake in Lombok Island
which is located at 8
o
10’
00”
– 9
o
05’
00”
S and 115o
46’
00”
– 117o
05’
00”
E. This means that Lombok is
an area with medium to large earthquake. The study focuses to evaluate and observe seismicity level
change before large earthquake happens in Lombok Island based on statistical method. In this study,
identification of activities, collection and data analysis of earthquake source location in Lombok Island
is conducted. The value of b is found by applying the method of maximum likelihood whereas the value
of PGA is obtained by conducting a calculation which uses empirical method of ground acceleration
and Esteva empirical formulation in order to find a new empirical formulation. The result of the value
of b is around 0.502. This shows that most of the researched area has quite high seismicity activism and
the result is in line with calculation conducted by B.Guttenberg and C.F. Ritcher with constant values a
and b are 8.63 and 0.502.

The consumption of drugs like Tramadol, skutches, Skunk, Loud and Indian hemp are illegal in Nigeria and
the increasing addiction of youth to drugs of different forms is very evident in the society. This trend is of
great concern with no effective approach to deal with the problem primarily because it involves a hidden
population. This study considered the estimation of the hidden population size of drug addicts in Ekiti state,
Nigeria between 2015 and 2016, using Capture-Recapture (C-R) method. Two data sources namely National
Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) and psychiatric unit of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital
(EKSUTH) were used and The lists of individuals collected from the two data sources were used to estimate
the population size by identifying the number of individuals that appeared in one or two of these lists.
Results showed that the estimated hidden population size of drug addicts in Ekiti State during the study
period is 201 leading to the total population of 558 with a 95% confidence interval (486, 636).