Wastewater containing high concentrations of metal ions can be harmful to aquatic life and degrade the
water quality. The metal ions are removed by Adsorption and Membrane distillation process. However,
these methods are less effective and relatively expensive. Therefore, there is a need for alternative
technologies to improve the efficiency of metal ions removal from wastewater. This study deals with the
process of removal of metal ions from galvanized waste water through a combination of adsorption in the
membrane contactor and biological treatment. The parameters pH, COD, BOD, Adsorbent dosage and
contact time is tested in the galvanized waste water. Oryza sativa, Arachis hypogea, Prunus dulcis, Citrullus
lanatus, Citrus limon are used as a natural absorbent to treat the water before Membrane distillation. In
this experiment, the wastewater from the galvanized industry was firstly collected and treated to remove the
heavy metal ions present in the waste water. The treated water is finally utilized for irrigation purpose

Silk production basically depends on the Bombyxmori L. larval protein metabolism which in turn needs
more energy generating events, spinning requires more muscular activity and silk is being produced by the
silk gland. The quality of the leaves has a profound superiority of silk produced by the B.mori
(Priyadharshini et al., 2008). Probiotics are organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal
microbial balance(Parker, 1974).The present study highlights the effect of sporlacs upplements on the
biochemical parameters of silkworm B. mori. The total soluble protein was estimated by following
standard procedure (Lowry et al., 1951) with bovine serum albumin as the standard protein. The total
protein content in the different parts of larvae increased when the larvae was treated with increased
concentration of sporlac. Highest protein content was observed in the silk gland of larvae treated with 5%
sporlac (32.44±0.03 mg/dl) and minimum protein content (13.03±0.03 mg/dl) was observed in haemolymph
of silkworm treated with 1% sporlac

Infrastructure projects such as highways, railways, water reservoirs, reclamation etc. requires earth
material in very large quantity. In urban areas, borrow earth is not easily available which has to be Hauled
from a long distance. Quite often, large areas are covered with highly plastic and expansive Soil, which is
not suitable for such purpose. For this purpose the application of such expansive soil after Stabilization with
additives such as sand, silt, lime, and fly ash is used. As fly ash is freely available, for Projects in the vicinity
of a Thermal Power Plants, it can be used for stabilization of soils. In this project the Percentage of fly ash
is varied from 5 to 30 percent. The study from the laboratory test it concludes that with percentage addition
of fly ash improves the strength of stabilized clay soil. The compressive strength of soil is increased by
addition of fly ash content up to 1.600kpa. i.e., when the fly ash is increased (10 to 30) % the strength of soil
mix improved by 11%.The maximum shear stress of soil is improved by the addition of fly ash at
1.044KN/m2
(i.e., a 15% increase in shear stress)

Human-wildlife conflict is a serious problem in Ethiopia especially in situation of those who share the
immediate boundaries with protected areas. Human population growth, less public understanding and the
negative perception of local community toward wildlife and their conservation will generally increase
conflict between humans and wildlife. Sharing conservation-related benefits and involvement of local
people in decision-making for resource management can increase the positive attitudes of local people
towards wildlife, protected areas, and conservation practices. Participatory management and benefitsharing are best mechanisms, along with the granting to local communities of limited ownership rights for
some resources. Biodiversity education and training activities are superior in disseminating innovative
techniques, building local capacity, and increasing public understanding for human-wildlife conflict
prevention and resolution.

Hundreds of years of experience, self-learning and traditional wisdom has led to the development of
contextual based traditional architecture. Vernacular style of architecture developed using locally available
material, so as to achieve the better living conditions which suits to the context. Use of local traditional
design and construction techniques had eventually helped in building of social and cultural background in
various regions of the country. Sensitivity in design as per the specific microclimatic aspects has been
practiced since ages in the country. The main objective of this paper is to understand the design principles
and strategies followed by the vernacular style of architecture which are energy efficient and climate
responsive. Design principles such as form, proportion, spatial design aspects, construction materials etc..,
have been documented and analyzed for a specific case example of an existing traditional building in Pippara
village of West-Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Besides thermal performance, lighting analysis
have been performed through IES-VE Analysis. This paper also sheds light on the transformation of
courtyard spatial configuration as per the changing needs of users; this investigation is an attempt to
demonstrate the adoption of good practices in transformation of traditional spatial design aspects of the
dwelling. Simulation results has shown that the current case study has improved thermal performance upto
30% after the courtyard transformation, whereas natural lighting levels has drastically reduced upto 79%
within the indoor sapces.

The solar radiation is a major factor for thermal condition in built forms. The residential and commercial
buildings consume 45 to 55 percentage of the energy for thermal comforts. It was evident that the higher the
energy consumption through fossil fuels leads to the remittance of CO2 in the atmosphere. Building industry
in India is having predominant share for consumption of energy resulting in the 22% of CO2 emission into
atmosphere. Environmental quality and conservation of fossil fuels may become important in the context of
limiting of GHGs emission. So the present paper deals to curtail the direct beam radiation on the building
envelope in ‘hot and humid’ regions of Andhra Pradesh so that the internal heat gain, diffusivitity, solair
temperature and time lag of heat flow in to the building can be influenced for providing better thermal
condition . This will lead to the reduction of energy consumption and energy savings in the buildings.
Angle of incidence of solar beam radiation dose play a major role to admit the amount of heat in to the
building internal spaces through its envelope. Sun angle varies from time to time and this Local solar time is
a measure of sun’s actual position with respect to the sun path from east to west. This work sheds light on
understanding the importance of angle of incidence of solar beam radiation in designing various
architectural elements like Jali’s, shading devices, built form projections, inclined/ vertical walls, and also
to analyses the drama of light & shade by pergolas for different directions of envelope surface facing
towards different directions with respect to sun-path and with reference to surface azimuth, day of the year,
declination, hour angle, location consideration and with different inclinations’ of the façade / exposed wall .
This paper tries to establish the best possible ways of shading the building with regard to orientation of a
built form, effective textured wall, chajja projections, roof projections, trees /shrubs and functional jail
design for various azimuth angles for four cities of Andhra Pradesh of India so as to reduce the amount of
heat gain from solar beam radiation to facilitate to contribute to thermal comfort and conserve the
conventional energy by natural means.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla on sandy loam
soil to study the phenology, accumulated growing degree days, photo thermal unit, helio-thermal unit, heat use
efficiency and performance of fingermillet varieties grown under different sowing dates. The crop was sown on
2
nd fortnight of July took maximum calendar days, growing degree days, photo thermal unit, helio-thermal unit
to attend different phonological stages till maturity. The genotype sown on 2nd fortnight of July (D2) growth
and yielded higher. The highest drymatter (3665kg ha-1
) at harvest and grain yield (2305 kg ha-1
) was recorded
with (D2) 2nd fortnight of July sowing. Among the varieties Chaitanya took highest calendar days growing
degree days, photo thermal unit, helio-thermal unit to reach the maturity. The variety Chaitanya recorded the
highest grain yield at 2nd fortnight of July sowing as compared to all other sowing dates.

The pre-cancer can be identified by most efficient method of segmentation and by classification in a pap
smear images. The cervical cell cancer can be detected by monitoring exactly the changes in a cell .The
major challenging task is to identify the overlapping of cytoplasm which is accurately done in this work.
The earlier cervical cancer is diagnosed, the more successfully it can be treated. Regular cervical
screening can save thousands of live every year. The majority of these deaths could be prevented if all
women had undergone cervical screening. From the global survey say a female should start screening at
the age of 21, or within 3 years of her first sexual encounter - whichever occurs first. Cervical screening
does not detect cancer, it simply looks for abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix. If left untreated,
some abnormal cells can eventually develop into cancer. The input is fetched from the dataset and those
images been processed using efficient function of resizing, grayscale conversion and noise reduction. Highlevel shape information to guide segmentation where cell boundary might be weak or lost due to cell
overlapping. In the segmentation Canny edge detection model used to detect the feature. The feature is
extracted accurately through histogram of gradient. The entire classification is done by support vector
machine. An evaluation carried out using two different datasets ISBI 2015 dataset and SZU dataset of the
proposed method over the state-of-the-art methods in terms of classification accuracy

The most common question that appears to be first in almost everyone’s mind as they pursue orthodontic
treatment is: “Is it going to hurt? The cause of pain with fixed orthodontic treatment is still not completely
understood, but has been associated with the changes in blood flow when pressure is applied to the teeth. It is
basically the body’s response to an injury that is an inflammatory response. Some patients experience pain
whereas others do not. This study aims to evaluate the intensity of pain after separator placement, banding and
bonding among orthodontic patients.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 176 patients who needed
comprehensive orthodontic treatment in the Department of Orthodontics at KIST Medical College and
Teaching Hospital. Patients recorded their pain perception during different time intervals 2, 6, 24, and 48 hrs
after separator placement, 24 hrs after banding and 24hrs after bonding using visual analog scale. Statistical
analysis was done by SPSS version 20 by paired t test and the level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Result: Out of 176 patients mean age obtained was 19.43 ± 4.589. Comparison of VAS showed that pain
reaches its peak level at 24 hrs of separator placement (mean VAS score of 2.84) and then decreases. VAS
score is highest for pain after 24 hrs of bonding (mean VAS score of 3.14) and least pain is experienced after
24 hrs of banding (mean VAS score of 2.16) but is not statistically significant.
When comparing the pain after different hours of separator placement, changes in pain between 24 hrs and 48
hrs was found to be statistically significant. (p value 0.000).Comparing the pain between separator placement,
banding and bonding, pain after banding versus pain after bonding was found to be statistically significant. (p
value 0.000).
No statistically significant difference was found between the response of male and female.
Conclusion: Changes in pain between 24 hrs and 48 hrs after separator placement was found to be
statistically significant. (p value 0.000 )and pain after banding versus pain after bonding was found to be
statistically significant. (p value 0.000 ).There is no significant difference in level of pain between male and
female patients.