The need to improve upon the quality, reliability, strength and durability of wooden chairs require that more attention
be paid to the optimal strength and rigidity of the chair joints. This study was set out to assess the performance of
dovetail halving joint in leg-and-rail construction. In the study, mortise and tenon joint and dovetail halving joint were
compared. The joints were constructed with Chrysophyllum albidum wood and tenon/tail lengths of 38 mm and 50 mm
were used. The width of the tenon and the moisture content of the wood used were kept constant at 55 mm and 12%
respectively. Twenty-four chairs were constructed using the lengths of tenons or tails as indicated. The strength of the
chairs was tested using ANSI/BIFMA Standards. The results of the test were analysed using tables, bar chart, graphs,
percentages and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA revealed that at 5% significant level, the type of joint had
significant effect on the strength of the working chair. The tables, bar charts and percentages also showed that dovetail
halving jointed chairs had greater strength than mortise and tenon jointed chairs. Based on the results of the tests, it is
recommended that for greater strength of the chair, dovetail halving joint with a tail-length of 50 mm should be used in
its construction.

Now a days air pollution is a major problem in India. Unplanned urbanization and industrialization are the
biggest cause of environmental pollution. Air pollution due to stone crusher industries causes major
environmental and health risk. Sampling of respirable particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was done with
the help of APM 550 instrument and Whiteman filter paper. The concentrations of particulate matter were
found above the permissible limit as per the standards given by Central Pollution Control Board (2009). A
physical survey was carried out with the help of questionnaire, personal interviews and heath data were
also collected from hospitals, Primary health centers etc. The questionnaire also covered duration of a
particular disease when the disease was perceived in apex extent. This study also reveals the acute and
chronic effects of dust pollution on health of stone crusher’s workers. Higher concentration of respirable
particulate matter causes various respiratory diseases, lung diseases, skin problems, eye irritations and
heart diseases etc. There is a strong relation between dust pollution and health effects. It is identified that
the study area is at very high risk due to stone crusher industrial emissions

Ministry of Agriculture and animal resources (MINAGRI) has revamped and rendered several marshlands
to farmers for rice cultivation, through a number of high profile agricultural development projects,
throughout Rwanda. Kirehe District counts among areas that have been included in this momentum. This
study sought to inquire into factors underlying the adoption and intensification rice in Kirehe District. The
main objective of this research was to explore the factors that led to the adoption and intensification of rice
in Kirehe District. The study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional investigation and used a sample
of 492 respondents, selected through purposive sampling procedure. Data collection used observation,
questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and Factor analysis for quantitative
data and content analysis for qualitative data. The Principle Component Analysis methodology has been
used as Factor analysis. Findings of the study revealed that three factors underlying rice adoption in
Kirehe are shift from poor produce, cash insecurity; the quest of intensive farming employment and
marshlands exploitation opportunities. Also CPA revealed factors underlying rice intensification in Kirehe
District: chemical inputs access to credit; seeds varieties; size of land. The study also observed effects of
rice adoption and intensification including infrastructure development, access to social services and
improved living standards. Research findings helped conclude that the set of three factors regarding rice
farming adoption can be applied elsewhere in Rwanda to exploit local opportunities. They helped conclude
again that the set of four factors fostering rice intensification: labor, land, seeds, and chemical inputs can
be applied elsewhere in Rwanda to boost local intensification.

In this paper, an analytical investigation of the axial load-flexural strength interaction of reinforced masonry
walls is carried. The curvature ductility of masonry walls is also evaluated for masonry walls with different
modes of reinforcement configurations under different levels of axial loads. Results from this paper indicate
that at low axial loads masonry walls exhibit sufficient ductility to be employed in areas of medium to high
seismicity

The theme of this study is to isolate and identify the bacillus bacteria are suitable for use in concrete to
improve its strength or not. Bacillus is to be incorporated with concrete should be presence of alkali
resistant to endure the high pH value of concrete forming to with-stand the structural strength induced in
concrete while mixing. In present generation environmental related problems have been considered as
serious issues in construction works. This paper includes use of bacillus bacteria in concrete to develop the
strength and performance of concrete. In India the lot of research centers producing various types of
bacteria’s which may be useful in concrete due to their different biological properties so hereby I
researched and learned from many useful advanced technical research papers related to this field and
trying to improve the quality of concrete in construction field by using the bacteria. Finally this paper
gives a brief review on cost effective cultivation medium for bacillus and its effect of cement and concrete
properties. Also the reinforced concrete properties are studied

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the basic ingredient in concrete and concretes are most widely used
construction material in the world. The global need of cement and concrete for construction is rapidly
increasing. The production of OPC consumes huge quantity of energy and products consumption and also
exhaust high quantity of carbon di-oxide CO2 to the atmosphere. These are affecting the environment
sustainable development. In civil engineering construction industries need to develop and concern about
the environment to minimize the effects of green-house gases in the atmosphere. A review summary of this
study to know about the eco friendly concrete namely as geopolymer concrete and its behaviors in RC
structures like slabs, beams and columns etc. The presents of inorganic alumino-silicate polymer gel are
synthesised from the source materials rich in silicon and aluminium in geopolymer concretes. And also the
rich materials like low calcium (class F) fly ash, which binds with the loose aggregates and except other
un-reacted materials in rich sources are produced from geo-polymer mix. Geoploymers are one of the
excellent and economic alternative construction materials in concrete. While making of this geopolymer
concretes the ordinary Portland cement was will not use. At the end this review paper briefly describes
from past literature reviews and research about the constituents of geopolymer concrete, performance of
geoplymer concrete ,structural strength of concrete and their potential applications. The experimental
results and conclusions to demonstrate the excellent potential of geopolymer concrete to be a alternative
material of constructions for the future.